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UK: Warnings go up in smoke

Dr Thomas Stuttaford

The Times

Thursday 02 Jun 2005

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The dangers of cannabis are still being ignored

OVER THE PAST 30 or 40 years the various opinions that have been staunchly
supported by the political hierarchy, and presumably the doctors who advise
them, must have cost many tens of thousands of lives.

Why, for instance, did we in the UK fail for so long to treat high-blood
pressure as vigorously as other Western countries? Why were we so tardy in
introducing breast screening?

How was it that we allowed so many patients with haemophilia to have
contaminated blood? Why did we fail to understand the dangers of hepatitis
C or realise that it was a probability that BSE would spread to humans? The
list is lengthy.

One of the establishment's sins of omission that has always puzzled me,
both as a doctor and as a former MP, is why the medical and political
establishment refused for many years, and some still refuse, to accept that
there is overwhelming evidence that cannabis smoking could cause symptoms
of a psychotic nature during intoxication. Even now, they will not
recognise that cannabis smoking increases the risk in genetically
vulnerable people of developing schizophrenia, or one of its related psychoses.

For more than 30 years there have been reputable research projects from all
over the world that have showed that the likelihood of someone experiencing
a psychotic breakdown is much greater if they are cannabis smokers. The
extent of this effect is partly dependent on the dose taken, whether this
is related to smoking more "joints", or smoking the same number of joints
but with stronger cannabis. The regularity with which someone smokes
cannabis is also significant even if the dose on each occasion is not
excessive.

Some of the surveys showed without a shadow of doubt that though the
likelihood of psychotic breakdown was dose-related, any use of cannabis
created a certain risk. This increase in risk remains significant even
after adjustments are made for other substances taken, and the previous
psychiatric state of the person.

As long ago as the 1960s even moderately observant clinicians had noted
that though, worldwide, 1 per cent of people have been shown to suffer from
a psychotic disease, a much higher proportion of the population had similar
symptoms but without the psychotic hallmarks.

They did not quite fit the profile considered necessary for a diagnosis of
schizophrenia or one of the allied psychoses. The people with the lesser
syndrome were described as suffering from a schizotypal personality
disorder. It was assumed that they had the same genetic make-up as those
with a psychosis but, for some reason, had not developed the full picture
of the disease.

Recent research carried out by the Institute of Psychiatry at King's
College London has shown that as many as one person in four carries the
genes that may increase liability to develop a psychotic illness if they
smoke cannabis. The prevalence of psychotic disease has hitherto been about
1 per cent of the population, but if the politicians and their medical
advisers continue to fail to understand the danger in which their laissez
faire approach places a quarter of the population, it can be only a matter
of time before this increases.

Various sociological explanations have been put forward to explain a
refusal to admit the hazards of cannabis smoking. The most understandable
is that cannabis became acceptable to the younger generation in the Sixties
and Seventies. There was a fear among their elders that if they were
critical they would be thought dinosaurs in that era of change.

Furthermore, immigrants were likely to smoke "ganga" and it was even more
reprehensible to criticise the habits of immigrants than their adolescent
children. As a result, the evidence about cannabis in the politically
sensitive UK has been overlooked for two generations.

Scientists since the 1960s have been drawing attention to the many
side-effects of cannabis. Its carcinogenic activity (greater than
tobacco's), its potentially lethal effect on the cardiovascular system and
heart rhythm, its influence on reproduction and the unborn foetus, and its
effect on the psyche...all have been disregarded.

Last week, a report by John von Radowitz, the Press Association's science
correspondent, detailed another ill effect of smoking cannabis. Since the
Government downgraded cannabis from a Class B to a Class C drug, research
by Professor Stuart Ralston, of the University of Aberdeen, has shown that
in animal studies cannabis alters the balance between bone renewal and
re-absorption. The density and strength of bones depends on the correct
balance between bone renewal and bone re-absorption. If this is altered,
osteoporosis could be the consequence.

Mary Brett, the former head of health education at Dr Challoner's Grammar
School, has become an expert on the effect of cannabis on the behaviour and
intellectual ability of adolescents. For years she has said that one of the
first symptoms of cannabis smoking is an apparently inexplicable
deterioration in intellectual and academic performance. This is one of the
few markers that can be measured.

Other research on the dangers of cannabis that can be added to the long
list already known comes from a Belgian study. It found that cannabis
smoking doubles the risk of schizophrenia among people who are genetically
susceptible.

Scientists at Queen's University Belfast have also advised that cannabis
damages sperm and New Zealand research workers have confirmed that heavy
users of cannabis are more likely - in their survey, ten times more likely
- to have serious road accidents.

www.timesonline.co.uk/health

 

 

 

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